Nineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher - 952 Words

The novel Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher would be a very good addition to this course because of the unique way Asher defines haunting. In the novel, a boy, Clay Jensen, receives a box of cassette tapes from an anonymous sender. Upon finding an old cassette player, he begins listening to the tapes and discovers that they are from his classmate Hannah Baker. The only problem with this is that Hannah Baker killer herself a couple weeks before Clay received the tapes. On the seven tapes, Hannah tells the main thirteen reasons she committed suicide. Each reasons is centered around a different person, these people being people who did something to make Hannah’s life worse, eventually leading to her suicide. The tapes are sent to each person who appears on the tapes so all the people who â€Å"contributed† to Hannah’s suicide discover their part in it all. This means that Clay is on the tapes - the only problem is that he loved Hannah and believes he never did anyth ing to make her kill herself. The story follows Clay around the town he and Hannah once shared while he is listening to the tapes. We later learn that Clay is on the tapes not because he hurt Hannah, but because he could have saved her. The ghost and haunting aspect in Thirteen Reasons Why is not what one normally imagines when they hear the word â€Å"haunted†. Instead of being haunted by a ghost in a haunted house or even having a physical ghost, Clay is haunted by the memory of Hannah, the tapes she sent, and theShow MoreRelatedNineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher1710 Words   |  7 Pageshappening every second, but no ordinary person ever thinks of these situations on a daily basis. But one man, Jay Asher, stepped in and decided to write about suicide in a more entertaining and relatable form. Thirteen Reasons Why, written by Jay Asher, is a novel about a teenager that leaves tapes behind with recordings of her own voice that explains why she took her own life. Jay Asher dr opped out of college to pursue a writing career, he had a total of eleven manuscripts submitted to publishersRead MoreNineteen Reasons Why By Jay Asher1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe novel, Thirteen Reasons Why, by Jay Asher explores every nitty-gritty topic that the children of today are sheltered from. Those of which include suicide, sex, rape, underage drinking, drugs- you name it. If the topic s uncomfortable and shoved deep into the recesses of the media, you can guarantee this book covers it. Now, whether this is a just cause for the prohibition of the novel, is debatable. In my opinion, banning this novel should be a crime, censoring this text is unrealistic,

Whistleblowing - 1148 Words

Over the last forty years this country has seen an increase in corruption and greed both within the corporate world as well as within our own government. Since that time Whistleblowing, or the deliberate non-obligatory act of disclosure, which gets onto public record and is made by a person who has or had privileged access to data or information of an organization, about non-trivial illegality or other wrongdoing whether actual, suspected or anticipated which implicates and is under control of that organization, to an external entity having potential to rectify the wrongdoing.1 Both federal and state statutes and regulations have been created to protect these individuals from various forms of retaliation. Even without a statute,†¦show more content†¦One might follow the traditional route and assume that the laws are just or at least not blatantly unjust. The debate on morality whistleblowing centers on the conflict between the duty of loyalty to the firm or organization in which one works and the liberty to speak out against wrongdoing. This is the moral dilemma of whistleblowing. This dilemma comes about because we tend to believe that employees of an organization that we have both legal and moral obligation to be loyal to our employers while at the same time believe that we should be free to do our part in stopping immoral or dangerous practices. In considering both Rawls and De Georges views, I would tend to side with that of Rawls. According to Sissela Bok the ‘‘would be whistleblower must weigh his responsibility to serve the public interest against the responsibility he owes to his colleagues and the institutions in which he works’’.3 This involves two different types of loyalty. The first being concerns regarding personal relationships and responsibilities towards one’s co-workers. This type of loyalty is the one in which may owe to our friends and family. The next type is our concerns for our responsibilities to the organization where we work. It is this duty of loyalty that creates the moral dilemma of whistleblowing. It is this second type of loyalty that I will be concerned with in this paper. This focus is not meant to imply that other issues of loyalty should not be considered whenShow MoreRelatedWhistleblowing1650 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Whistleblowing The definition of a whistleblower is a past or pesent employee or member of an organization, who reports misconduct to people or entities that have the power and presumed willingness to take corrective action, or to notify the general public of wrongdoing. In most cases, whistleblowers are employees of the ogranization but can be employees of government agencies as well. Normally the misconduct being reported is a violation of law, rule, regulation and/or a direct threatRead MoreWhistleblowing Essay1986 Words   |  8 PagesAC 4001 – Interim Assignment – 2012/2013 Name: James Nicholas Anthony Cassin Student No: 109444602 Word Count: 1988 I don’t agree with the statement provided that ‘whistleblowing’ is an enemy of business and creates suspicion and disharmony. This is simply the old traditional view of the idea of whistleblowing that there is a spy or snitch within the camp looking after his/her own interests. This old and traditional view is largely based on the case that employee’s within organisations had veryRead MoreWhistleblowing629 Words   |  3 PagesWhistleblowing LEG 500 Whistleblowing in a Publicly Traded Company Whistleblowing implies the imperative necessity to alert others (company) about immorality issues, including illegal activity, happening inside the organization. For the employee who decides to blow the whistle â€Å"usually brings to he/she undesirable consequences.† Some consequences are like threats, loss of employment, and social rejection. (Chiu,R. 2003) Whistleblower Traits Whistleblowers are characterized by strongRead MoreWhistleblowing962 Words   |  4 PagesWhistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due DyKetia Gregg Thomas Payne Jr. Law, Ethics, and Corporate Governance July 25, 2015 Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due If something happens in the organization, for example, a worker is thought to be engaged in illegal activities, then a whistleblower reports on this to the legal institution. As a rule, a whistleblower is an employee, so to encourage him/her to disclose the information and to assure that one is makingRead MoreWhistleblowing Essay1298 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 1: Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley LEG500030VA016-11 (Law, Ethics amp; Corporate Governance Professor Timothy Griffin Strayer University Jan Jones July 19, 2015 Describe the key characteristics of a whistleblower, and briefly summarize one (1) researched instance of whistleblowing in one (1) publicly traded company within the last 12 months. Include the details of the issue that the whistleblower reported and the effect of the whistleblower’s actions on both the whistleblowerRead MoreEssay on Whistleblowing1769 Words   |  8 Pages Whistleblowing is a relatively recent entry into the vocabulary of politics and public affairs, although the type of behavior to which it refers is not wholly new. How is it defined? Whistleblowing refers to a warning issued by a member or former member of an organization to the public about a serious wrongdoing or danger created or concealed within the organization. In a genuine case of whistleblowing, the whistleblower would have to have unsuccessfullyRead MoreThe Darkside of Whistleblowing1021 Words   |  5 PagesClaims Act, Congress decided to give whistleblowers (or â€Å"relators†) a share of the recoveries that result from their lawsuits to encourage people to step forward and take the risks involved in reporting fraud (Qui Tam Team). An overall advantage of whistleblowing is that the welfare of customers and employees can be protected. Blowing the whistle can take a long time and therefore can be very stressful. Families, friends and especially colleagues might not understand the decision and lose patience andRead MoreWhistleblowing Case1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Whistleblowing Case Studies There are various cases about whistleblowing, one of them is the case of Motorola CFO, Paul Liska.1 He has been fired after giving a presentation. In the presentation, Liska pointed out to Motorola directors that the cell phone unit, Mobile Devices, missed its sales projection for the preceding three months. Liska intended to attack Sanjay Jha, the head of Motorola’s cell phone division, by doing the presentation at the board meeting. The whistleblowing occurred becauseRead MoreWhistleblowing And Sarbanes Oxley Due945 Words   |  4 Pages Whistleblowing and Sarbanes-Oxley Due Whistleblowing can be described as the disclosure of illegal, immoral, underhand or unlawful transactions, deals or practices of their employers or companies to people, institutions that are most likely to take action. What sets whistleblowing apart from other types of disclosures such as a tell-all is that it is made for the purpose of reporting wrongdoing in a company or organization to an agency or person that can take some actions. Whistleblowing is gainingRead MoreCase Study: Whistleblowing1815 Words   |  8 Pages(a) In your opinion, do you think whistleblowing will work in Malaysia? Elaborate on the reasons in support of your opinion. In my opinion, Whistle blowing will not work in Malaysia. From the passage, this is due to several reason. Firstly is due to culture, culture is where a group of people believe and behave the same way as it is. From this case, Malaysias culture is to prefer to keep things their own secretly. Basically they just dont want to review what is happening and just keep quiet and

De Beers Analysis Free Essays

STRATEGY: INDUSTRY AND COMPETITION Problem Set 3 1. Throughout the 1990s, several developments contributed to the loss of market-share of the Central Selling Organization, which inevitably led to diminishing profits for De Beers. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and this disintegration brought down the exclusivity that the CSO had enjoyed for so long. We will write a custom essay sample on De Beers Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Indeed, the fall of communism made it difficult for the cartel to protect its trading agreements. As such, only limited shares of the Russian production reached the CSO, the rest being supplied to the competition by Alrosa (which became the worldwide dominant non-African producer) and other Russian enterprises. In 1996, as a consequence of the CSO’s reluctance to satisfy demand for very small stones, the Argyle mine in Australia (with a very distinctive rough production that De Beers had only a limited capacity to match), controlled by Rio Tinto – a multinational mining company and one of their main upstream competitors – became the first major producer to departure from its contract with De Beers. This disruption seriously compromised De Beers’ punishment capabilities through stockpiling. Additionally, in Canada, another major competitor arose (BHP). De Beers had a problem in these two markets. Unlike African countries, these are nations characterized by strong institutions, with a degree of bureaucratization and stability as well as cultural advancement that do not favor for the kind of â€Å"easy bribes† that had allowed the company to control the quantities sold worldwide. However, even in Africa other obstacles appeared. While Angolan and West African output were being diverted to other channels, the concerns about conflict diamonds – reaching their peak with outbursts in Angola through the 90s – also damaged De Beers’ image and only made it more difficult for those diamonds to be sold through the CSO. Finally, pressure from some African governments (Botswana and Namibia, for example) inadvertently or purposely created internal competitors. Thus, De Beers saw its monopolistic position seriously threatened and since it could no longer control the diamond flow to the market, it was forced to practice a price closer to that of a competitive market, which meant lower profits. 2. Besides the increasing competition that was subject to in the last decade of the 20th century, De Beers also had to concern itself with the possibility of new entrants in the very market where it had prospered. Due to the compliance with the Global Witness proposal against conflict diamonds, De Beers saw the noose tightening around its operations and as a consequence the threat of new entrants surged, with several groups expanding aggressively on the continent. Perhaps the biggest of those threats was the business group controlled by Leviev, the world’s largest diamond cutter and polisher. One of his ideas was to integrate backward into marketing rough diamonds. Also, the pressures in Angola were putting in danger the marketing agreement the country had with the company. That agreement would eventually be terminated already in this century, being replaced with a single-channel marketing entity in which Leviev held a one-quarter interest. Obviously, these potential threats had a negative effect in De Beers’ profits, despite its strong Brand Image. 3. Traditionally, De Beers would buy the supply from other producers to control the market output. With the rise of competitors this became increasingly difficult. As alternatives to the cartel emerged, the bargaining power of suppliers grew. Argyle’s eventual withdrawal and Angola’s termination of the exclusivity with De Beers are clear proof of this growing power. Governments began to pressure the company as well. South Africa aimed to have more gems cut locally and other nations such as Botswana and Namibia sought to increase the value captured with the activities performed within their borders. Of course, for the company to grant this it would have to see its percentage of value retention lowered. In a climate of an undeniable backdrop, this was yet another factor that contributed to decreasing diamond earnings. 4. Although an increase in competition means that buyers will have alternatives (higher bargaining power), this was still an area (of the five forces) where the market remained attractive. Competitors did not have the level of expertise or the established supply chain that characterized a company with more than a century of market knowledge. The most relevant fact to mention on the buyers side is the Japanese recession of 1998. De Beers suffered severely from this downturn, after obtaining almost a decade of expansion in various Asian markets. Still, buyers in this industry are not just final consumers, but intermediaries as well. With the rising competition and consequent declining credibility, De Beers could not control sightholders, for instance, with the same discipline and efficiency as before. Leviev (a sightholder himself) is the perfect example of this reality. Of course the less control the company exerts, the lower its returns are. 5. Regarding substitutes, the closest product would be synthetic diamonds. Yet, these diamonds remained exclusive to industrial applications (to compensate for the scarcity of the others for these functions) and so natural diamonds were still a unique luxury. In spite of the social issues brought up by conflict diamonds, the product was still protected from substitution throughout the 1990s. The marketing efforts of the previous efforts (mainly represented by the campaign â€Å"Diamonds are forever†) continued to provoke the desired effect. By establishing them as a symbol of lasting love, power and wealth, De Beers had assured that nothing could be compared to a diamond, which translated in a he amount of profits throughout that century. On this area, the main challenge for the company presented itself in the early 1990s in the Chinese market. Not only were these consumers traditionally focused on gold and jade, while unfamiliar with diamonds, but also â€Å"white† color were thought to bring misfortune. This might seem trivial for a western consumer, but Chinese people were and are still today some of the most superstition nations on earth. The gold and jade products had certainly a negative effect on De Beers’ profits. Nevertheless, the company managed to overcome this paradigm by using Chinese beliefs to its advantage (the â€Å"red thread† ad is a perfect showcase for this idea). This advertisement strategy was very successful and by 2000, retail sales had reached $731 million. Duarte Costa, # 1284 How to cite De Beers Analysis, Essay examples

Women in the photograph Essay Example For Students

Women in the photograph Essay The play takes place in the dining room of the Birlings house in Brumley, an industrial town in the North Midlands. It is an evening in spring, 1912. Arthur Birling, a prosperous manufacturer, is holding a family dinner party to celebrate his daughters engagement. Into this cosy scene intrudes the harsh figure of a Police inspector investigating the suicide of a young working class woman, Eva Smith. Under the pressure of his interrogation, every member of the family turns out to have a shameful secret, which links them with her death. The Inspector is first introduced into the play under the attitude of fear and importance, as Priestley describes his presence under the clothing and looks which the Inspector prevails over his suspects.  dressed in a plain darkish suit of the period  Has a disconcerting habit of looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking  This description of character of the Inspector would create an atmospheric, fearful impression on the audience, as the audience would see the visual impact on which the Inspector has on his line of enquiry. We will write a custom essay on Women in the photograph specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The point at which the Inspector entered the household of the Birlings, is a Dramatic quality within the play, as Arthur Birling was conversing the fact that Eric might have been up to something, which is why the Inspector has come to their household. This comment alarms Eric, as Eric knows that he has been in contact with Eva Smith, he starts to feel paranoid with the comment made by his Father. This un-easy attitude expressed from Eric, creates tension within the audience, as his spontaneous action portrays a man hiding his feelings, which will be linked to the Inspectors investigation. Here, what do you mean?  This reaction from Eric creates Drama, as the audience links the visit from the Inspector, to the worry expressed by his action. This creates a starting point for the blame of Eva Smiths death, as Erics worry would convey to the audience that he is to blame for the death at a later stage of the play, but all characters, Mr. Birling, Sheila, Eric, Gerald Croft and Mrs.Birling, are all linked to the death of this women, but each character contributes into the enquiry, realising the consequences of their own actions. Mr. Birling is the first character to be interrogated by the Inspector, which Birling believes is about a Police matter, due to his hierarchy in the field of Police work. The Inspector addresses Mr. Birling and the other characters in the room, with the situation of the young women ( Eva Smith) committing suicide in the act of drinking disinfectant, which he has seen in the Infirmary ward. This comment made by the Inspector, creates an impatience within Birlings attitude, as the death of a young women has nothing to do with his worries, his main worry and thought was of a business arrangement between himself and his future son-in-law Gerald Croft, which was his main ambition of greed and wealth within his line of thought. Yes. Yes. Horrid business. But I dont understand why you should come here, Inspector-  This conveys to the audience that Birling has no sense of grief or worry for fellow people in his town; he is self-centred, around money and future prospects. The Inspector continues, with the fact that Eva Smith had previously worked at his works, but Birling does not sum up that this involvement is anything to do with Eva Smiths death. The Inspector produces a photograph of the women, which he only shows Mr. Birling, creating a dramatic quality within the play, due to the Inspectors effort to conceal the photograph between Birling and himself. .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 , .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .postImageUrl , .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 , .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:hover , .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:visited , .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:active { border:0!important; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:active , .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476 .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u422c4774addcea65e9ad11fe2d9f0476:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Generally means society EssayThe Inspector interposes himself between them and the photograph  This explains to the audience that Birling could be an important figure for the death of Eva Smith, as the Inspector has used the photograph as a barrier between Eric and Gerald, a barrier which only concerns the line of enquiry with Birling.  Birling recognises the women in the photograph, and finally converses with the characters in the room about his experiences with Eva Smith at his works. He adapts the revelation of Eva Smiths time at his works, by explaining he sacked her due to her disturbance and attitude towards pay rises, Eva wanted a larger pay rise than what Mr. B irling was willing to pay. This disturbance in Mr.Birlings business, is linked to the historical context of the play, as Priestley wrote the play in the year of 1946, where the attitudes towards class and rights for women where of a better standard, due to pay increases and womens rights formed from the suffragette movement. The play is set in the year of 1912, Priestley is reflecting on the fact that women had no rights at this time, suggesting Birling had a justified reason. Mr. Birling, I believe used his power as an influential figure to sack Eva Smith, as image and status was an important factor for an upper-classed person; he could use his power any way he liked, due to his wealth and greed. Well, Inspector, I dont see that its any concern of yours how I choose to run my business. Is it now?  This reaction from the Inspectors line of enquiry, expresses to the audience that Birling, with the use of the rhetorical question, is feeling pressurised with the Inspectors questions, but he feels that he has not committed a crime, he only sacked Eva Smith due to his concern for his business. Shelia was the next character to be interrogated, as she entered the room to find out the disturbing news of a girl committing suicide, in the act of drinking disinfectant. This news shocked Sheila, as she found out that her father had sacked Eva from his works, leading Eva to take her own life. Sheila believed that the action, which her father used against Eva, was the wrong action to take, as she describes the sacking of Eva Smith as a turning point for her suicide, as she had no job or family to support her. Sheila does not realise that the women involved in this suicide, is the same person, which she forced the Manager of Milwards to sack, due to an argument of self-appearance and vanity. Sheila explains the sacking of Eva Smith, with points to suggest that it was the wrong action to take, contradicting her own selfless actions, which caused Eva Smith to be sacked from Milwards. But these girls arent cheap labour-theyre people  This response from Sheila, explains to the audience that Sheila feels strongly for lower-classed womens rights, she feels that her father has used his power for the wrong reasons, even though she used this same power for the sacking of Eva from Milwards.  Sheila used her power as a daughter of an influential business man, to seek revenge through jealousy, as Eva Smiths self appearance was far more fitting, for a dress Sheila wanted to purchase. This factor created Low-Self- Esteem for Sheila, as she explained that the dress looked far more effective on Eva Smith, She was the right type for it, just as I was the wrong type  This explains to the reader that Sheila is feeling low confidence for herself, which produced the spite for the sacking of Eva Smith. The audience feels sympathy for Sheila, as Sheila realises her consequences of her actions, she realises her spite and jealousy has caused a young womens death. Sheila feels guilty about her revelation in the young womens death, she wishes she could help the poor victim, which is in direct context to Birlings attitude.

Analysis of Primary Sources in the Triangle Waist Factory Fire

Analysis of Primary Sources in the Triangle Waist Factory Fire On the evening of March 25th, 1911, many workers at the Triangle Waist Factory were preparing to end their working day when suddenly a fire began on the upper floors of the factory (ILR School Kheel Center). Because of inadequate fire escapes and locked doors, 146 factory workers, mostly young women and girls, perished in the blaze (ILR School Kheel Center).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Primary Sources in the Triangle Waist Factory Fire specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Left behind from this horrible event are a vast quantity of first hand accounts of the events that took place during and after the fire. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using primary sources as a means of accurately recounting historical events. The primary sources that provide the best means, however, of understanding the facts of an event are newspaper articles and photographs. There are a few advantages to having primar y sources when it comes to understanding the impact of a historical event. One of these advantages comes from personal accounts of the event. For example, in anticipation of the fifty year anniversary of the fire, Leon Stein began interviewing women who had survived the fire and after one interview notes: â€Å"Mrs. Dworetz learned in this interview for the first time that there was a fire escape† (Leon Stein Interviews). He also interviewed another woman who stated in her interview that, â€Å"The Washington and Greene St. doors were always closed† (Leon Stein Interviews). From some of these testimonials, one can imagine the panic the women must have felt to be essentially trapped in a burning building. Without these interviews, it would be difficult for someone to imagine what went on inside the buildings. Another advantage of primary sources comes from the photographs taken during the fire and of the aftermath. There were several photographs taken of the factory aft er the fire and it is clear that the path for the women and other workers was blocked (ILR School Kheel Center). Also, photographs add a very human element to historical tragedies, as some of the photographs taken are of women who had jumped from the buildings in hopes of avoiding being burnt (ILR School Kheel Center). Newspaper articles should be the best source of primary information. For example, upon reading the articles printed the day of the fire, one can get a very clear picture of and the chaos that surrounded the events. The articles also point out flaws in the fire department equipment and the factory construction that lead to many more deaths (ILR School Kheel Center). While there are advantages to primary sources, it should be noted that there are also disadvantages to using them solely to understand historical events. While Stein interviewed survivors, he did so fifty years after the event had taken place. It is possible that, due to the event being so tragic, the survi vors did remember exactly what had taken place, but it cannot be fully trusted as an accurate account of the event.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It should not be assumed, however, that all these accounts are false or full of misinformation. Photographs can often also provide one with misinformation. They only capture a particular moment in time. As for newspaper articles, a reporter could potentially exaggerate the extremity of a situation in order for more people to buy and read the newspaper. Reporters can also sway the public to believe one thing or another to further perhaps a political or social cause. Judging from the advantages and disadvantages, it is clear that newspaper articles and photographs are the best primary sources to use in understanding historical events. In the case of the Triangle Waist Factory fire, these sources provide accounts for what happened imm ediately during and after the fire. The newspaper articles give immediate witness and survivor testimony showing the public the flaws in the factory and the fire department. Because of these immediate types of accounts, reforms were able to take place to make safer working conditions as well as better prepare the fire departments to deal with multi-story buildings. Although it took a tragedy to bring about these changes, future workers would benefit from the senseless deaths of so many young women, men, and children. ILR School Kheel Center. Remembering the Triangle Factory Fire. Cornell University, 2011. Web. â€Å"Leon Stein Interviews.† Ilr.cornell.edu. Cornell University, 2011. Web.

A Walk of Life essays

A Walk of Life essays I thought that A Walk of Life was a pretty good movie but it did lack in some places. A group of high school seniors meet at a cement factory to initiate a potential boy into their group. This incident serves but one purpose to introduce Landon as a reckless, superficial character that has a mean heart. The scene also is what starts the future between Landon and Jamie Sullivan. The very first part of the movie bothers me because the boy that jumped is obviously injured, but the story line does not follow him at all. It might just be me but I would have liked to know more about that boys situation with how he was recovering or something like that. The transition where Landon meets Jamie was very nice considering it took all the available movie time up. One scene did show Landon talking to the kid he almost killed, but I was never really able to find out how bad the kid was injured. The words I heard between them just sounded like he would be seeing him around at school. I want to know if the kid that jumped would be in a wheel chair or if he would walk fine. This part in the movie was weak if you were to ask me. I think doing the school play was a good punishment for Landon. It is in these scenes in movie where you can tell that Landon is falling for Jamie. I would be remiss not to mention Mandy's solo performance during the first night of the show. The filmmaker's take their time, letting Mandy (Jamie) sing her ballad at length - sweet, gentle, and buoyant. I mean I do not have anything against her singing but this scene took quite a while. Additionally, many pacing problems surface (after resolution 1) as the film slows and speeds up inconstantly. Especially noticeable, an emotional scene involving Shane and his father plays way too soon if you ask me, I suspect many scenes building to it were cut. However, with the film running longer than appropriate, the decision to cut was a must. ...

Week 2 CYB632 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 CYB632 - Assignment Example In this case, the attacker sends a packet to a host with a forged IP address. The host then sends an acknowledgement waiting for the response. However, this response is never given and hence the unanswered queries accumulate in the buffer of the device being targeted. When many spoofed queries are sent, these results in the overflow of the buffer and the network device may crash (Liska, 2003). Secondly, IP spoofing can also be used in man in the middle attacks. In this case, the attacker is able to intercept the traffic that is heading between two given devices on a network. This helps the attacker monitor network traffic and may gain access to sensitive information such as passwords and usernames. Unfortunately, it is usually difficult for users to know the traffic is being intercepted by the attacker since each packet is eventually forwarded to the desired destination. The best countermeasure that can be used to address IP spoofing is ingress filtering performed by routers. In this case, the routers check that all the incoming packets are from legitimate sources or machines. If the router determines that the IP address on the packet is not in the address block the interface is connected to, then the packets are dropped. A penetration testing report gives the results of a vulnerability assessment and the penetration test of a given system in an organization (Lee, 2009). This report also offers recommendations on how the risks identified can be mitigated. A penetration test report is important to any organization or business. First, this report helps the organization enhance the security of its systems. In the modern world, the damage that can be caused by hackers can be extensive, and this may significantly affect the operations and survival of the organization (Lee, 2009). Therefore, the pentest report helps identify vulnerable areas within systems and provides guidelines for addressing them. This helps the

Unit 4 DB Introduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 4 DB Introduction to American Court System - Essay Example This decision is based on the irrefutable availability of sufficient evidence for legal documents necessary for commencing prosecution. Further discretion at this stage relates to the decision to offer legal agreement to the charged suspect on the basis that he or she confesses their guilt and opt not to stand trial. At the trial stage the prosecutor’s role pertains to disclosing all evidence to the defense council pertaining to the suspect’s case. Moreover, at the serving and sentencing stage the law enforcement officer is charged with the discretion of acting of as parole officers of sentenced criminals that have been selected for possible freedom based on their character (Mellili, 1992). The judge exercises discretion at the trial stage by leading the court proceedings against the charged suspect. At the sentencing stage, the judge exercises his or her discretion after the defendant is found guilty after a plea of guilt or judgment by the jury. Consequently, the judge dispenses the sentencing laws cognizant with the crime charged. Furthermore, the judge exercises discretion at the appeal stage. At the instigation by the defense counsel of the sentenced defendant, an appeal may be issued and reviewed a judge in the appellate court (Mellili, 1992). Furthermore, a different judge will lead the proceedings of a new trial based on the review and approval of an appellate court. Some of the guidelines that are in force to limit the discretion powers of enforcement officers include the limit on excessive force while making arrest. This is in light of the possibility of the officers to use police brutality on unarmed and powerless suspects such as racial minorities (U.S Department of Justice, 2012). . On the part of the judges, guidelines that could be used in limiting their discretion pertain to issues of sentencing. These include sentencing structures that limit and regulate the punishment

Music and sound Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Music and sound - Research Paper Example Listening to music helps relax the body and in most cases a listener makes some body movements when their favorite music is played. Some of the movements like shaking of the head could happen unintentionally. Listening to music at work has also been seen to improve the performance of listeners (Born, 2013). Music is described as a manifestation of the human spirit while others call it food for the soul. In many areas where it is used as a source of entertainment. However, music is not limited to entertaining alone. Listening to music can help a listener to distract themselves from stressful and painful situations. Music causes the mind to relax and feel better. Neuroscience has proven that music tends to heighten positive emotions of the listener through reward centers of the human brain (Koelsch, 2011). Music stimulates hits of dopamine that helps to make the listener feel good and elated. To students, music stimulates their creativity and assist in their memory. High frequencies of music overtones provide an electrical stimulation to the student’s brains heightening their attention. Listening to music through tempo, rhythm brings students to different energy levels and moods. Upbeat music prompts changes in their body rhythms and engages rhythmic entertainment, helping learners to maintain focus and re-energize. Background music is also said to prolong the attention span for students (Born, 2013). Other than being a means of entertainment, music has also been discovered to have some medicinal value. Listening to music reduces stress, cures depression and lowers the blood pressure in people with high blood pressure. Soothing music renders the body to sleep and calms little babies when crying. Music integrates the mind, body and human spirit (Koelsch, 2011). Music consoles people on low moods bringing some kind of joy and excitement even in difficult situations such as during illnesses and funeral services. However, every kind of

Discussing The Disadvantage And Discrimination Of Social Work Social Work Essay

Discussing The Disadvantage And Discrimination Of Social Work Social Work Essay In the following I will be discussing the quotation Social Work is an ethical and political activity made necessary by the consequences of social and economic disadvantage and inequalities. I will be critically evaluating the statement by expressing my view of Social work role and what Social Services are there to do. I will be addressing the role of politics within Social Work and the effects it may have on service provision. I will also be highlighting the some of the ethical dilemmas and constraints social work services face. By discussing these issues I will be able to evaluate the statement and highlight the way in which service users may be discriminated against within Social Work. Social Work in the 21st Century has changed and improved throughout the years. Within Social Work today great emphasis is put upon the service user and working in partnership. Thompson, 2005 highlights that partnership is a highly skilled activity, being able to work in partnership also demonstrates so many other skills necessary within social work. This approach is aimed at empowering the service user as so many of the individuals that we work with are discriminated against within society. However this has not always been the main focus as service provision was very different at the beginning of the welfare state when the Poor Law was implemented. The focus at that time was labeling people as deserving and undeserving which then oppressed those labeled undeserving as this reduced the opportunities available to them as they were often sent to the workhouse with poor conditions. The underclass where described by the middle class as Dangerous and dark Mooney,1998 as they thought the i ncrease in urbanisation would cause overcrowding leading to disease which would spread onto the middle class. Therefore along with the new poor law philanthropic woman were introduced to contain and reduce disease. It has been highlighted by Forsythe, 1995 that philanthropic agencies did not wish to reduce deprivation for everyone but only for those who were seen as worthy. The wealthy middle class woman viewed themselves as superior to the working class therefore discriminating against them. The main focus of the support was to limit and contain the spread of disease from those that were poor onto the middle classes. This again discriminated against those who were experiencing great levels of poverty and deprivation. In the years that followed the Beveridge Report in 1942, legislation was implement by the Government to tackle the five giants that were highlighted within the report. By concentrating on these issues the Government aimed to tackle the difficulties which society was fa cing at that time. Unfortunately the same five giants continue to be problematic todays society although these difficulties are now approached with a different manner. Todays approach has been influenced by many reports highlighting various ways in which service provision could improve including social work. Today social work takes on so many different meaning and cannot be explained with a single definition. Social Works mission is to support and empower individuals to reach their full potential by addressing the difficulties they may be experiencing which then prevents dysfunction cited by IFSW, 1982. We do this by applying our social work skills and values and relating the knowledge and theory to our practice. By doing this we are then able to communicate and engage with the services user and gain knowledge of their environment which then enables the social worker to work in Partnership with the service user to address the difficulties that have been identified. This is done by applying the Social Work Process of Assessment cited by Coulshed Orme, 1996. Many of the service users that require the support of a social worker often are experiencing discrimination or oppression at some level within society due to social and economical constraints. It is the social workers role to work in a non discriminatory and anti oppressive manner to empower and encourage the service user to address their issues and minimize the level of disadvantage they they may be experiencing Social Work knowledge enables us to gain a greater understanding of the service users by applying a holistic view. One way this can be applied within the social work process is with the use of systems theory. When carrying out the assessment process with a service user it is important to gain a holistic view of the individual which will then enable an accurate assessment of the individuals needs and level of risk. By apply theory to practice you are able to adopt a holistic approach effectively. Systems within an individuals life are symbols for the different relationships which they are connected to. As all systems are interlinked they will then all impact on the individual therefore all systems need to be considered for the service user. Parker Bradley, 2007 highlight that this approach demonstrates that social workers commitment to work in an anti oppressive manner as this approach will enable the discrimination to be addressed and challenged. This is because systems take into co nsideration and social structures which may affect the service user. When carry out an assessment there are many skills that need to be implemented in order for the assessment to be accurate. One that I have already highlighted was the need for a partnership between the service user and social worker. However before this can form there is basic skills such as communication and engagement. As this takes place at the beginning of the assessment it is important that this is effective. By using communication this does not just mean to speak or inform but can also mean non verbal communication such as eye contact, facial expression or gesturing. It important to use effective non verbal communication as Thompson, 2002, highlights, non verbal communication can enable us to communicate our emotions and illustrate our reaction to what we have been told. When communicating, it is important to use the communication appropriately and in a non discriminatory or oppressive manner an example of this may include the use of jargon. Many people within Social Work can a t times forget that they are using jargon with service users as they are so comfortable with it this. However this can present a barrier between the social worker and service user as the service user may not understand what they are being told. This can then lead to oppression as the social worker is discriminating against the service user by using inappropriate language and therefore the service user is being oppressed as s/he is not receive the support required cited in Thompson, 2003. This can then lead to relationship breakdown as the service user may not wish to full engage as a result. Lastly values are also crucial when applying the skills required to address discrimination and disadvantage when working with service users. The values that we apply within our practice then enable us to work in a non discriminatory and oppressive manner. One of the main social work values includes approaching with a non judgmental attitude. It is important to remember that so many of the service users that we support are already being disadvantaged or discriminated against within society this could be a form of sexism, racism or classicism as so many service users are experiencing poverty and disadvantage which is often why social services are implemented. By applying a non judgmental attitude you are then able to engage and form a positive relationship which will then allow for a more holistic assessment to be carried out in order to identify the services users needs and level of risk. By doing this we are able to identify ways in which the service users needs can be met effectivel y and therefore minimse the level or oppression which they experience as a result of discrimination within society for example stigmatization. Within Social Work practicing in an anti discriminatory and anti oppressive manner is highlighted as being crucial from the beginning of the social work training and has always been a focus throughout the work carried out by students. Forsythe, 1995 stated all students had to demonstrate a level of competence in anti discriminatory practice when completing the Social Work Diploma. This is an area and a requirement that is emphasised in todays training with an emphasis on applying anti discriminatory practice. With recent literature such as Thompson, 2003 discrimination can be explained in a clear manner. Thompsons P.C.S. Model helps to prevent discrimination and oppression of the client and aids the Social Worker to work in an anti oppressive and anti discriminatory way. It explains how discrimination and oppression affects individual on three different levels these being Personal, Culturally and Structurally. This allows the Social Worker to become aware of these levels in working i n and anti Discriminatory way. Each of these levels is important in its own right, but so too are the interactions between them Thompson,2003, pg,13 Each level is linked therefore by understanding how discrimination effects individuals at a personal level you can then relate it in the wider context of Cultural and Structural. By understanding the model you can promote good anti discriminatory practice and work with the client in an empowering manner. The Scottish Government has highlighted that they are now providing the largest budget for social work than ever before with an increase to all services as highlighted by Scottish Executive, 2001. This budget has been used for services provision, training for staff etc this money should enable better service provision and reduce the inequality that many of the service users are currently experiencing within society as a result of a disability or mental health. The funding and support can then be offered to empower and enable the service user to progress with their lifes. However this money is not always evident within the social work services as many service users are being denied service provision. It has been highlighted that in the 21st century families are not having as many children therefore the birth rate has fallen while the elderly appear to be living for longer and requiring more support as cited by Hill, 1996. So much of the time social worker are having to negotiate with managers or services to enable their service user to gain a service as highlighted by Trevithick, 2005. When thinking back to the quotation social work can be viewed as a political activity with regards to budgeting. So much of the time resources are limited when service provision is higher than average e.g. high levels of unemployment. With the recession which is currently taking place more people are attempting to access services due to poverty, mental health and increased crime rates, all of these negatives will increase with the condition that society now faces. With the same budget in place this will then impact on the services available. This then causes disadvantage within social work services due to high numbers and low service provision. Social work aims to tackle discrimination but due to political restriction can often disadvantage and discriminate their service users. Nevertheless there have been positive influences by the government to improve social work provision to and promote an anti discriminatory practice. One of which includes the introduction of the care commission which was implemented with the Regulation of care (Scotland) act 2001. This was set up to regulate the care provision of social services including elderly care homes. By regulating the care the service user is then ensured that they will be provided with a consistent level of care which can minimise people being discriminated against due to a disability for example as their care will be regulated as cited by Care Commission, 2009 Another way in which the government has impacted on service provision within social work includes the introduction of the SSSC which was also introduced also under the Regulations of care (Scotland) act 2001. Their aim is to increase the protection of vulnerable people by regulating the training and registration of those working in social services and highlight the codes of practice. By doing this they are able to limit the discrimination and disadvantage that the service users may encounter as all people working in social services are registered. They highlight that they encourage equality by delivering a high level of competence in their work which can then enable and empower the service user to take up the opportunities available to them which will then prevent them from feeling oppressed within society. Within Social work ethical dilemmas are evident throughout practice. At time this can be due to challenging discrimination appropriately or being in conflict with your personal and professional values. As highlighted within the quote social work should be approached in an ethical manner by demonstrating the social work values. However at times social workers may experience ethical dilemmas in the work that they are carrying out in order to do the best for the service user. At times due to low levels of service provision which was highlighted earlier this can then impact on the service user and whether their needs are being meet in an effective way. If needs are assessed and identified then it is the role of the social worker to encourage the service user to meet their needs effectively. However if the service provision is not available this can then impact on the service user. Banks, 1995 highlights that the welfare state is benefiting and embracing those in need as it will increase the budget received from the government, although they are also seeking to limit and control poverty. However while the welfare state may be benefiting from those in need social workers cannot help but feel guilty when those needs cannot be met due to lack of resources. Social workers are accountable and answerable to their actions. At time it is not the social workers fault as Trevithick, 2005 advises that often social worker negotiate to the best of their ability for service provision but at times the resources and not available. This is similar to what was carried out regarding the deserving and undeserving as shows that at times services users do need to be prioritised due to lack of resources. This may then mean that they are oppressed by this as their needs cannot effectively be met. Another ethical dilemma which I have became aware of is Care vs. Control as it demonstrate the level of power that you as the social worker has although by informing the service user of your duty as a social worker, to pass relevant information on, you are also limiting the control as the service user may then withdraw or hold back in what is being said. This can have a great impact upon the relationship that has been built between the social worker and the service user. Thompson, 2005 advised that the basis of a positive working relationship is trust and respect. With this in mind it is possible that you may need to pass on information to the police etc regarding your service user. This may be difficult as the service user may then become disempowered and let down by social services. Lishman, 2007 states social workers are there to empower and encourage the service user to address their needs effectively. However if information was required to be passed on from what a service user h ad disclosed this would then demonstrate the power imbalance within your relationship. However this should be fully explained at the beginning of the working relationship and an appropriate connection should be made. This service user and social worker relationship is determined by confidentiality, accountability as the social worker has the responsibility as a professional personal to uphold the two were appropriate as cited by Hugman Smith, 1995. When working within social work there can be constraints that impact upon how we are able to fulfill our role to encourage and empower and this may then lead to further discrimination or disadvantage out with our control. One of which includes the legislation such as the Childrens Scotland Act 1995. The legislation highlights that the welfare of the child is paramount cited in Anderson et al, 2008. Therefore within child protection any referral that is made will be looked into which enables an assessment of the child to take place. This legislation enables better and more efficient child protection procedures; although the legislation states that a minimalist approach should be taken with the child. This may mean that the child continues to stay in the home as there may not be clear evidence of abuse or neglect. This can impact greatly upon the child and can cause the child to feel let down by the system and oppressed. This is due to the constraint of legislation and is put in place for the best interest of the child however this can lead to the oppression amongst young people who do not want to speak out and therefore their needs may go undetected. Another constraint that has been considered is in relation to service provision. I have previously discussed that at times service provision can be limited and what is available to that service user may be restricted. As a result the criteria for the service may then increase to reduce the level of service users who require the service. If this happens their need will not be met effectively and this will not be addressed. However the role of a social worker is to identify needs and risk and ways in which these could be met. Therefore this may then raise questions regarding the accuracy of the assessment. Social workers may alter the truth to ensure that their service user will be provided with the appropriate support. The focus for assessments should be needs led and the services should fit around the service user. However this is not always the case as Parker Bradley, 2007 state that at times due to limited service provision the services users have been placed wherever has been ava ilable. To conclude I agree with the quotation as I feel that at times social workers are providing services for those who are socially and economically disadvantaged within society for various reasons. If these people were not experiencing inequality there may then be no role for social work. It is important to remember that social work is informed by the knowledge skills and values which then enable us to practice and approach with a non discriminatory attitude this encourages and empowers the services user to reduce the inequalities which they be facing. However at times due to the constraints within social work e.g. resources services user continues to experience inequality. Word Count 3,157

An Indian Remembers :: essays papers

An Indian Remembers This paper is an attempt to discuss the biography of Mary Englund’s An Indian Remembers based on her childhood experiences in a Christian European convent. Her story starts from the day she is taken away from her family to be civilized in a distant residential school. Englund’s experience in the school could be described as European way of civilizing the young native people that includes compulsory assimilation, segregation, control and racism. The concept of civilization is perceived to be for the best interest of the Indian community, or at least this is what it seems to appear like. Thus, this paper will tackle the issues of methods used to civilize the Natives and its effects on Englund’s personality and mentality as well as the real purpose behind civilization. Is it really for the best interest of the Indian people or is it a form of exploitation of the Natives to benefit the European colonialists? Assimilation is one form used to civilize the native children. This seems to put Englund to a lot of curiosity eventually to confusions. On her first day in Mission, Englund learns about the assimilation policy implemented by the convent which draws out her curiosity about its purpose. In her experience, she learns that boys and girls live in separate buildings and wonders why. She appears curious and thus questions a lot but she gets no decent answer to satisfy her curiosity. Englund also observes girls being divided in groups to certain tables during meals and girls are assigned to different jobs, some goes to the dormitory while others to kitchen or classrooms. Again, she does not seem to understand the purpose of these procedures. This explains her ignorance about the system of a Christian convent. Anyhow, she seems to let go of her curiosity and simply accept it as a form of instruction she ought to follow with no question asked. With all these curiosities, she has possibly dev eloped a sense of confusion on why things are done in these manners. Another form used by the school is by segregation. Through this, Englund seems to suffer from isolation. Englund recalls when a priest takes her from her family (430). While she is expected to feel sad leaving her mother, she seems to feel nothing but excitement. She says that â€Å"We were left alone so many times we never had the tendency to say, ‘Well, I’m sorry I’m going to go away and leave my mother’ because we were alone most of the time.

The case of Bernie Madoff remains

The case of Bernie Madoff remains to be a controversial aspect due to his ability to commit fraudulent acts against individuals and companies whether they may belong to the upper or middle class. Due to this, the repercussions of is actions remain to be a debate due to its timeliness with the ongoing American fiscal crisis. That is why careful considerations must be made in order to actively understand the parameters of this case and align its application with normative ethics.Looking at this particular case, it can be seen that Madoff conducted what usual economists calls a Ponzi scheme. This system creates various business practices that aim to provide fraudulent information among a client base to generate significant income and profit (Moore, 2009). This setup forwarded increased profits on Madoff as he continued to lobby for this act in different sectors. Such actions then resulted to huge losses as profits promised for clients were unequal to the actual amount (Lezner, 2008).Thi s situation also resulted in the furthering negativity for hedge funds as the economy and the stock market continued to decline and drop. â€Å"The arrest of the 70-year-old Madoff, widely considered to have the magic touch as an investor, is another serious black eye for the hedge fund industry and all non-transparent investment vehicles† (Lezner, 2008, p. 1). Such ideas furthered rethinking how might have Madoff gained the ability to continue this practice for several years.Analyzing this case on the perspective in the realm of ethics, it may be a good portion to argue about Madoff’s ability to act and commit actions that is considered good or bad. In here the standards and ideals provided by society and the business perspective comes into picture as the question of whether Madoff should have been awaiting trial at home or in jail. In arguing for this scenario, it is essential to denote what normative ethics can provide and shed sufficient justification for the actio ns committed by Madoff.In understanding the elements of normative ethics, it tries to seek and provide theories of how individuals should live (Moral Philosophy, 2005). This branch tries to explain the parameters of individual actions with the use of several approaches that denote different factors affecting human lives. By fostering on this element, a careful yet comprehensive approach can be deciphered if whether or not Madoff should be awaiting trial and verdict in home or jail.Operating on the virtue ethics category, it is essential to look into the parameters of the case such as the plaintiff, how the action was conveyed, and its relevant consequences (Moral Philosophy, 2005). Applying this on Madoff’s case, it can be argued that his actions neither constitutes morally accepted traits nor seek to provide away that can help improve people’s lives. Since this facet revolves around the application of virtues and character, the action portrayed by Madoff does not coin cide with the positive traits an individual should posses.Due to this it makes it difficult and hard to establish a relationship towards good. Applying this to the question of where he should be situated during trial, virtue ethics would argue that the most appropriate choice would be waiting verdict in jail. This is because it can help compensate and correspond to the negative values committed by Mardoff to his victims. Though this approach also considers undesirable consequences, it is still a manifestation of character that needs to be compensated accordingly (Moral Philosophy, 2005).Likewise, this is chosen because under the other condition, it can provide several freedoms that Mardoff can enjoy and acquire. By having serving time in jail during the trial, it will actively address the similar actions conveyed by Mardoff. On the other hand, operating under deontological framework, it does not consider the consequences of the act given but rather focuses in the ability of whether an action is good or bad (Moral Philosophy, 2005). Operating on this approach, deontologists would argue that the actions committed by Mardoff are not congruent with what is appropriate of an individual.This element then necessitates the idea that it should promote something that is significant and essential towards what is prescribed by rules and standards of any group, organization and society. Thus, the element of whether or not Mardoff should be in jail or under house arrest is not significant. What is significant for deontologists is establishing that the actions committed by Mardoff are right or wrong in their own essence. Lastly, the condition provided by the consequentialist theory points out the significance of the results created by an action committed by the individual (Moral Philosophy, 2005).Under this idea, consequentialism in normative ethics is concerned about the positive or negative outcomes of a particular action and how it impacts the creation of another event or situation related to such. It is through this framework that individuals and groups can create the necessary explanation of how it can create actions constituting good or bad. Applying this to the case of Mardoff, consequentialist would argue that the action appropriate for this case is that Mardoff be situated in the jail and await his sentence.This action is significant due to his ability to create consequences that affected many peoples and company’s lives. His actions also contributed to the downfall of many industries as his assurances of high profitability and stability went down the drain. Seeing this, it is only justifiable that Mardoff serve in jail due to the large consequences of his actions committed. On the other hand, operating on the other category, allowing Mardoff to stay at home under house arrest will only generate minimal outcomes compared to his actions committed to many.This initiative would only necessitate several freedoms that may not be available wh ile in jail. Due to this, this action may not be a feasible option from the point of view of consequentialist. To conclude, applying normative ethics in the case of Bernie Mardoff revolves around the action of understanding how his actions constituted good or bad. Under the three different approaches, it can help provide clear insights and understanding of how the concept can be properly addressed and administered accordingly.Due to this, it can facilitate a functional framework of interpreting the case of Mardoff in an effective and efficient manner. References Lezner, R. (2008) Bernie Madoff’s $50 Billion Ponzi Scheme. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from, http://www. forbes. com/2008/12/12/madoff-ponzi-hedge-pf-ii-in_rl_1212croesus_inl. html Moore, M. (2009) Bernie Madoff. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www. time. com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893837_1894189,00. html Moral Philosophy (2005) Normative Ethics. Retrieved July 13, 2009 from http://www. moral philosophy. info/normativeethics. html

The Wreck of the Batavia essays

The Wreck of the Batavia essays On October 28 1628 the Batavia set sail from Texel in the Netherlands on her maiden journey to Batavia, now called Jakarta, in the Dutch Colonies of Indonesia. Seven other ships of various sizes accompanied her. Francesco Pelsaert, a senior merchant, commanded the Batavia. The skipper of the ship was Ariaen Jacobsz and he did not approve of having a merchant commanding the flagship. These two men were old enemies from a previous journey. It took eight months to reach the Cape of Good Hope and the Batavia arrived with only two other ships because bad weather had split up the convoy. Once there the skipper ended up in a fight aboard one of the other ships. The skipper was publicly humiliated by Pelsaert, which made Jacobsz despise the commodore even more. Soon after this, Jeronimus Cornelius, the skippers new companion, suggested mutiny to the Skipper. The plan was, with a handful of Corneliuss and Jacobszs trusted men, it would be possible to seize the ship, kill the soldiers, throw Pelsaert overboard and take the ship and its bounty. Before the mutiny could take place the Batavia ran aground on the Houtman Abrolhos, an Archipelago of the coast of Western Australia. About forty people died and the rest were loaded on to nearby islands. Pelsaert and Jacobsz knew they were in trouble and took the ships two boats and set sail for Batavia to find help. The people left behind had no water and hardly any food, although the water was replenished from rain about a week later. Now the passengers and crew were left on the island with none other than Jeronimus Cornelius and his mutineers. Jeronimus, as it would turn out, was actually a psychotic killer very able to manipulate people. Cornelius, being the most senior in command left, sent the soldiers to a nearby island in search of water although he was actually hoping they would die. Cornelius made sure they left their weapons behind. He also divided up the rest o ...

buy custom Before the Law essay

buy custom Before the Law essay The story demonstrates the disconnect that exists between public and authorities opinions. The statements given by authorities of this jurisdiction misrepresent their performance. Their falsifications in effect give people false hopes that one day justice will be accorded to them. The people then deplete their resources as they persist as they seek justice in expectation that soon, their efforts would pay off. In essence, this is a place where the privileged exercise authority in an arbitrary manner. Deception has been institutionalized in spite of the pain and suffering that people goes through. For example, the doorkeeper continually accepts bribes, and this act impoverishes the man yet he does not allow him in. The main character has an enduring disposition. He travels for a long distance in search of the law, and in spite of the difficulties, he awaits his turn. He waits uncomplainingly and accords the doorkeeper his due respect. He does not question the delay until he has grown so weary to wait any longer. He is also sincere because his wish is to follow the established channels in search of justice. Nevertheless, he contentiously utilizes all available options instead of sitting idly during his extended period of waiting. Although bribery is generally regarded as immoral, in this scenario, the man does not have an alternative. Surprisingly, the man is not agitated when he learns he has no chance of gaining entry. He calmly accepts his fate. The man has limited chances of success. Through his discussions with the door keeper, he recognizes that trying to force his way in would lead to severe punishment, probably through incarceration or execution. This has made him opt to wait. He establishes a friendly relationship with the door keeper who explicates to him the difficulties that he faces in his attempts of seeking the law. He is eventually informed that the door had no utility; it was just a guise of possibility. The man learns that the authorities are detached from the ordinary people. They are emotionally uninvolved to a level of becoming effusive. He discovers that deception and lip service have been institutionalized to reduce pressure on the administration. Moreover, the man establishes that, despite being unaffectionate, the administration does not hesitate to extort the peoples savings. Once a person is no longer useful, he/she is neglected as focus turn on exploiting others. Buy custom Before the Law essay

Common stock evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Common stock evaluation - Essay Example Stock valuation also enables potential investors gauge the performance and value of stock in the securities market. Establishing the worth of shares helps one make informed investment decision. The managers use this valuation in the analysis of the worth of their business. This information is also useful to creditors in gauging the credit worthiness of a company before advancing credit (Hoover, 2005). This method values the share price by use of forecasted dividends and discounting them. When the figure obtained from the DDM is higher to value of shares presently trading then the stock is considered undervalued (Hoover, 2005). The anticipated earnings price (E/P) ratio is the measure of the firm’s cost of equity. A stock calculated on the zero-growth model can vary in value when the capitalization rate varies as it viewed risk changes (Hoover, 2005). The constant-growth method is essential in valuing stock of stable companies with dividends rising steadily over time. This model estimates an intrinsic stock value stock using the average dividend growth and forecasting it to dividend rises. The denominator remains the same when the rate of capitalization and dividend growth remains unchanged yearly. The stock’s basic value rises per annum by the proportion of the rise in dividend. Both the share price and the dividend amount will rise by the steady -growth factor, g. The model considers only the quantitative and not the qualitative values. Future changes are ignored in calculations.  This model is unfavorable for firms and market with quick changing dividend

Current Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Current Issues - Essay Example The need to enhance knowledge and skills has also been realized. These changes have been politically, socially, economically and technologically triggered. Decision-making processes concerning healthcare provision also continue to change due to the full action of legal measures and requirements. However much health and social care faces various challenges, the changing landscape has had positive implications (Parton, 2002). During the past few years, social change has transformed operations of the health and social care sector from an independent paradigm to an all inclusive approach. Changing social perceptions and belief systems have necessitated the inclusion and adoption of various reforms. Participation of different players in all spheres of health and social care development has been embraced to the extent of including a wide range of stakeholders. Most leaders around the world are now focused on one agenda which is to improve the implementation of health and social care programs. Different stakeholders from both the private and public sectors have taken an active role in ensuring the health and social care providers meet their expectations (Davis, Finlay & Bullman, 2005). Reforms in the National Health Service (NHS) are enough evidence of the changes that health and social care continue to experience. In the United Kingdom, major health reforms have been realized through the Care Act 2014. The act has presented care providers with necessary support and control that they require to deliver services. For the very first time, this Act was able to limit the cost of health care (Department of Health, 2014). The Act has also given caregivers the right to receive support for their services. Carers are also being granted the legal right in terms of receiving support. They receive this support after being assessed and deemed eligible. Initially, health and social caregivers did not enjoy such privileges. These are just but a few among

Biostatistics. Advantages of a randomized controlled trial over a Essay

Biostatistics. Advantages of a randomized controlled trial over a trial with systematic allocation - Essay Example Random controlled trials are experimental set ups with treatment and control groups, and elements of a study’s sample space have an equal probability of selection and allocation to either the treatment of control group. Systematic sampling however follows a defined approach with unequal probability for each sample space elements. One of the advantages of randomized control trials over systematic allocation is its ability to eliminate bias. Researchers and participants in randomized controlled trials lack influence of sample selection and allocation to either of the experimental groups and this eliminates chances of sampling bias. Eliminated bias in the randomized trials has significant effects on research processes such as enhanced reliability and validity which systematic allocation into biased sample may compromise (Miller, Strang and Miller 2010, p. 38). Randomized controlled trials also offer higher probability of homogeneity of background information on research participants within control and treatment groups as compared to systematic allocation that may have a set of background characteristics in one group and generate another group with different background characteristics. Such variations may result from bias, challenge comparability of observations from a study’s group, and identifies systematic allocations with validity and reliability challenges. Randomized controlled trials also have the advantage of probability sampling basis, which offers validity to data analysis, over the non-probability based systematic sampling (Friedman, Furberg and DeMets 2010, p. 71-72). Lack of a standard approach to systematic allocation also identifies benefit of randomized trials because variation in sampling criteria may be formulated to achieve bias and periodic sampling is an example (Miller, Strang and Miller 2010, p. 38). Variable data type and justification Number of adverse events Number of adverse events is a quantitative variable because it assumes numeric values. It can further be classified as discrete quantitative variable because it can only assume positive whole numbers (Weiers 2010, p. 8). Air blast sensitivity Air blast sensitivity, based on applied scale in the study, is a quantitative variable because of its numeric value on an ordinal scale that further classifies it as a discrete quantitative variable (Weiers 2010, p. 8; Neuhaus et al. 2013, p. 352). Tactile hypersensitivity Tactile hypersensitivity, based on the research, is a qualitative variable because it lacks numeric values. Its values are either yes or no and are further subjective, sub ject to study participants’ judgment (Weiers 2010, p. 8; Neuhaus et al. 2013, p. 352). Age Age is a quantitative variable because it assumes a numeric values and can further be categorized as a continuous quantitative variable because of its scope that can assume unlimited range of non-negative real numbers (Weiers 2010, p. 8). Gender Gender is a qualitative variable because it lacks numerical value (Weiers 2010, p. 8). Question 2 Graphical summary of the mean tactile sensitivity and variability The table bellow summarizes the mean and standard, for variability, for the tactile sensitivity values across the three groups at the end of 28 days. Table 1: Mean and standard deviation after 28 days Treatment Mean Standard deviation test A 21.48 11.86 Test B 20.58 11.32 Control 11.77 5.95 This data can be presented in graphical form as follows. Graph 1: Graph of mean and standard deviation after 28 days Interpretation of the sample mean and standard deviation of each group Mean of t est group A indicates that each of the group subjects is expected to have an average score of 21.48. The group’s standard deviation, 11.48, defines the mean deviation of each of the group’s scores from the group’s mean. Mean for the test group B shows that members reported an average score of 20.58 and the standard deviation

Unlawful Justice Essay Example for Free

Unlawful Justice Essay Many people have disagreements on the death penalty. My opinion on this argument is that we should abolish the death penalty from our criminal punishment system. As someone once said two wrongs do not make a right and I think that he is right. It is not doing justice killing another person because that person killed someone. My friend says this If the person didnt mean to kill them they should live but, if they wanted to kill them then they should die(Holeman). More than half of the countries in the world have abolished capital punishment from law or practice. Some of these countries that have abolished it, to us are considered third world countries. Are we any better than these third world countries if we still use the death penalty and they dont? A total of 109 countries have abolished the death penalty. 749 prisoners have been executed since capital punishment was resumed in 1977. Almost all the states in the U.S. use the lethal injection if they even have the death penalty. Electrocution that used to be widely used is now the second most used. Very few states use the gas chamber, hanging, and firing squad and most of the states have lethal injection as a secondary. Most people see the lethal injection as the most humane but; all of them are very terrible deaths to die. On January 1st 2001 there were around 3,700 inmates on death row. The average cost to seek the death penalty is $218,112 and that is added to the total cost of the case. U.S. is the leader in killing kids worldwide. We have sentenced 160 children to death since 1973. There is not really an official age at which you can sentence a child to the death penalty. Mississippi sought the death penalty in 1996 for kids of the age of 13. Most kids sent to death row are colored and stats show that two out of three kids sent to death row are children of color. Also, almost 90% of people put  to death for committing a crime were convicted of murdering whites but, about half of all homicide victims in the U.S. are colored. It is so bad in Maryland that if you kill a white person you are seven times more likely to get the death sentence than if you murder a colored person. About 90 % of the people that the U.S. Government prosecutors tried and execute are Black or Latino. Many people that seek the death penalty only want it for people that are not white. Another major problem with the system is that even if you are innocent you have a high chance of being put on death row. Around 23 innocent people have been sentenced to death row and have been executed for crimes they did not commit this century. More than 69 people have been released from death row since 1972 for being wrongly convicted. That is more than one innocent person for every 100 convicts on death row. One example of mistaken guilt was of Robert Nelson Drew who was executed even after another man confessed to the murder. A few countries other than the U.S. show that we dont execute people that bad. Go live in Afghanistan they will stone you to death or maybe go to Sudan where you can be stoned or crucified and other countries even behead you. Another bad thing about the death penalty is that in Florida each of the states executions cost $3.2 million and life inprison only cost $600,000. Spending our taxpayers money on the death penalty takes away from more important stuff for example investigating drug crimes, domestic violence, and child abuse. If we did not have the death penalty we could have better education and rehabilitation. Around five years ago many Americans heavily supported the death penalty and around 80% of Americans favored executing convicted murders. According to the polls now it is at 66 percent that is a major drop. In ten or twenty years will we even have the death penalty? Now for the first time for a very long time people can debate whether we should have the death penalty or not.  Governor George Ryan of Illinois started up the train to debate the death penalty and has it moving. Many states in the U.S. are looking over the death penalty in their state. In the 1990s the death penalty was the main thing to do to get tough on crime movement. In the 90s the death penalty has seen the toughest increase in death row inmates. With President Clinton in office he expanded the federal death penalty to additional 60 more crimes. Now I come to my conclusion many people have disagreements on the death penalty but nobody will change my decision. If you look at the facts the death penalty has some major mess-ups. Nobody is going to be able to correct those fully and the only way to stop the mess-ups is to abolish the death penalty. Many innocent people are killed and a lot of jurors are racist and judge the crime poorly. Almost half of the countries in the world have abolished it why shouldnt we. What if you were wrongly accused of committing a crime and were put to death would justice have been served I think not. Do you see why it should be abolished? Maybe some day you will march against the death penalty even if you dont just please do not support it. Thank you for your time and I hope you learned a lot about the death penalty. Works Cited www.web.amnesty.org 2 April 2002 www.agitator.com 2 April 2002 www.abcnews.go.com 2 April 2002 www.derechos.org/dp/ 2 April 2002 www.uscourts.gov 2 April 2002 www.ncadp.org 2 April 2002 www.amnesty-usa.org 2 April 2002 www.alternet.org 2 April 2002 www.prodeathpenalty.com 8 March 2002 Pence, Alex. Death Penalty. Report by Alex Pence. 2001 Holeman, Spencer. Interview. 4 April 2002

The Transmission Electron Microscopy Biology Essay

The Transmission Electron Microscopy Biology Essay The transmission electron microscope operates on the same basic principles as the light microscope but uses electrons instead of light. What you can see with a light microscope is limited by the wavelength of light. TEMs use electrons as light source and their much lower wavelength make it possible to get a resolution a thousand times better than with a light microscope. TEM uses a technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra-thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen; the image is magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, on a layer of photographic film, or to be detected by a sensor such as a CCD camera. TEMs are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the small de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instruments user to examine fine detail-even as small as a single column of atoms, which is tens of thousands times smaller than the smallest resolvable object in a light microscope. TEM forms a major analysis method in a range of scientific fields, in both physical and biological sciences. TEMs find application in cancer research, virology, materials science as well as pollution, nanotechnology, and semiconductor research. History of TEMs The first operational electron microscope was presented by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll in 1932, and 6 years later Ruska had a first version on the market. In 1986 Ruska received a Nobel Prize in physics for his fundamental work in electron optics and for the design of the first electron microscope. The following table gives a basic outline of the history of the electron microscope by decades. Year Specimens Application/development Instrumentation/theory Resolution 1940s Replicas oxide carbon plastics surfaces slip steps extracted particles fractography -50kV, single condenser -little or no theory; a first basic theory of electron microscopy was published in 1949 by Heidenreich. ~10nm 1950s Thin foils: from bulk deposited defects phase transitions -100kV -contrast theory developed. ~0.5-2nm 1960s metals semiconductors ceramics minerals Dynamic in-situ studies substructure of solids radiation damage microdiffraction -high voltage electron microscopes (Toulouse: 1.2 and 3MeV) -scanning electron microscopes -accessories for in-situ studies -controlled experiments 0.3nm (transmission) ~15-20nm (scanning) 1970s catalysts quasicrystals High resolution imaging lattice imaging -Analytical transmission electron microscopy -scanning transmission electron microscopy -energy dispersive x-ray spectra -electron energy loss spectroscopy -commercial high voltage electron microscopy (0.4-1.5MeV) -high resolution imaging theory 0.2nm (transmission) 7nm (standard scanning) 1980s virtually all materials atomic resolution in close-packed solids surface imaging small particles -commercial medium-voltage high-resolution/analytical electron microscopy (300-400kV) -improved analytical capabilities -energy filtering imaging -ultra-high vacuum microscopes 0.15nm (transmission) 5nm (scanning at 1kV) 1990s fast computation for image simulation alloy design nanostructures integrated digital scanning and image processing -surface atomic microscopy -orientation imaging microscopy 0.1nm (transmission) 3nm (scanning at 1kV) 2000s Electron microscopy in the 1960s In 1969 RCA dropped out of the electron microscope business, having decided that they could make more money selling record albums and consumer electronic devices.   General Electric had never become a major power in the electron microscope business. This left the field wide open for companies such as JEOL, Hitachi, and Akashi in Japan, and Philips, Siemens, and Zeiss in Europe. The resolution of the best TEMs was now approximately 0.3 nm (3 Ã…); JEOL claimed a resolution of 0.2 nm (2 Ã…) for its 1968 model JEM-100B. Accelerating voltages were still typically in the 100 kV range, although JEOL marketed a 200 kV instrument in 1967 called the JEM-200. Philips marketed a very popular 100 kV microscope called the EM 300 in 1966. They claimed that this was the first fully-transistorized electron microscope, and that it could attain a point resolution of 0.5 nm (5 Ã…). More than 1,850 units of the EM 300 were sold. Another approach to the study of materials that emerged in the 1960s involved increasing the accelerating voltage of the electron gun to extreme levels up to 3 MeV in an effort to penetrate more deeply into thicker samples. CEMES-LOE/CNRS at Toulouse, France, developed a 3MeV instrument around 1965, followed closely by JEOL, which released a 1 MeV microscope, the JEM-1000, in 1966. (One MeV represents a million electron volts, while one kV is a thousand electron volts. So 1,000 kV= 1 MeV.) These ultrahigh voltage EMs were so large that they typically occupied their own two-story building. The electron gun and its associated high voltage electronics were located near the ceiling of the second story, while the operator sat at the bottom of the microscope column looking at the fluorescent screen. Hitachis 1964 model HU-500 stood 4 meters tall; later, higher MeV versions eventually made this look small. On the left is a photograph of the 1 MeV Atomic Resolution Microscope (ARM) at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Electron microscopy in the 1970s The 1970s were a time of rapid development on all fronts in the electron microscope industry. Further improvements in TEM came from brighter electron sources (lanthanum hexaboride and field emission guns). The resolution of the TEM was pushed to 0.2 nm (2 Ã…) in the 1970s, with better results reported in some cases for lattice imaging resolutions; Hitachi claimed a 1.4 Ã… lattice resolution for its 1975 model H-500 TEM, and JEOL claimed the same resolution for its 1973 model JEM-100C. Accelerating voltages of 100 kV maximum had become the norm. In contrast to the low cost instruments, Philips 1972 model EM 301 TEM was designed for high performance and versatility for the skilled operator who had the time to coax the best results from his instrument. The EM 400 introduced in 1975 used a LAB6 electron gun, which was ten times as bright as the standard tungsten filament at the time. On the down side, the reactivity of lanthanum hexaboride required an ultra-clean vacuum system of 10-6 Torr. In 1977 Philips introduced accessories for the EM 400, including a secondary electron detector for topographical studies and a field emission gun (FEG) a single crystal tungsten tipped filament that emits electrons from a very localized region of the tip to produce narrow, bright electron beams. FEGs can have100 to 1,000 times the brightness of a LAB6 filament, with electron beam diameters as small as 1 nm. Vacuum requirements for these FEGs are 10-10 Torr. JEOL started with the JEM-100B Analytical model in 1970, which added scanning ability and an EDX x-ray spectrometer to the TEM. This was improved upon by the JEM-100C in 1973, with its 1.4 Ã… resolution, and further upgraded by the JEM-100CX Analytical model in 1976, which added an ultraclean vacuum system and a LAB6 electron gun. In the ultrahigh voltage EM market, The Hitachi 3MeV HU-3000 was installed at Osaka University in 1970. This accelerating voltage was the highest ever for an electron microscope. A resolution of 4.6 Ã… was reported for this instrument. The 1976 model H-1250 had a maximum voltage of 1250 kV, but a superior resolution of 2.04 Ã…. Electron microscopy in the 1980s During the 1980s TEM resolutions were further reduced to 1.0 to 1.5Ã…, making imaging of atoms in lattice planes possible. Microprocessor control of microscopes and computerized analysis of data became common due to the emergence of the personal computer in the early 80s. This microprocessor control brought about such features as an auto-stigmator and auto-focus, freeing the microscope operator from the mundane tasks that had always been involved in using the instrument. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) detectors were incorporated in STEMs and AEMs, allowing detection of low atomic number elements that could not be seen using x-ray techniques. The demands of the fast-growing integrated circuits industry produced electron microscopes designed for non-destructive testing of semiconductor wafers and for functional testing of ICs. Smaller electron beam sizes made it possible to switch from microprobe to nanoprobe technology. Elemental mapping of a samples surface could now be done on a nanometer level. Development of low cost instruments was not a priority in the 1980s. Some that were developed in the 1970s continued to be sold, but development was focused on high-performance, high-resolution, microprocessor-controlled instruments. JEOL produced 7 new TEM units between 1980 and 1986. These included the JEM-1200 EX (1981), which added microprocessor control to the JEM-100 CX (1976). The same model equipped with an EDS x-ray spectrometer was called the JEM-1200 EX/Analytical microscope. The 1984 model JEM-2000 FX/Analytical had a maximum voltage of 200 kV and a resolution of 2.8 Ã…; this instrument marked the switch from a microprobe beam to a nanoprobe. The JEM-4000 FX/Analytical microscope introduced in 1986 raised the acceleration voltage to 400 kV, which produced a beam probe size only 2 nm in diameter. After years of a standard 100 kV accelerating voltage with a few ultrahigh voltage units thrown in, these medium-voltage microscopes finally became popular. Electron microscopy in the 1990s The 1990s produced several corporate mergers in the electron microscope industry. Carl Zeiss and Leica joined to form LEO Electron Microscopy, Inc. In 1996 Philips bought Electroscan, the developer of the environmental SEM in the 1980s, to form Philips Electroscan. The following year Philips Electron Optics and a company called FEI merged under the name FEI to continue manufacturing electron microscopes. Hitachi and JEOL remained independent entities. The resolution of TEMs had already reached its theoretical limit (the best possible resolution predicted by calculations), so the 1Ã… resolution obtained using field emission gun (FEG) electron sources remained the standard. Medium voltage range instruments up to 300 kV were common, although 100 kV instruments still kept their long lasting popularity. Computers were now a vital part of every electron microscope, with graphical user interfaces (GUIs) being the norm. They were involved in both the control of the instrument and the processing of data, including post-analysis enhancement of micrographs using contrast-enhancing software. JEOL offered TEMs with maximum accelerating voltages of 120, 200, and 300 kV. The 120 kV model JEM1230 had a resolution of 0.2 nm (2Ã…). The JEM-2010 F FasTEM (200 kV) and the JEM-3000 F FasTEM (300 kV) both used FEG sources and achieved resolutions of 0.1 nm (1.0 Ã…). Three meetings of the Electron Microscopy Society of America (1968, 1975, and 1980) The Electron Microscopy Society of America (now known as the Microscopy Society of America) was founded in 1942, when it began holding annual meetings for instrument makers and users to gather and discuss the technology and its applications. The topics of papers given at these meetings present a snapshot of the state of electron microscopy at the time. A brief look at three of these meetings shows the evolution of the technology and its applications over a 12-year period. In the brief twelve-year span of 1968 to 1980, the physical sciences overtook the biological sciences at EMSA meetings, judging solely on number of papers presented. A large part of this development is probably due to the emergence of the scanning electron microscope in 1965, which made examination of the surface of bulk specimens possible for the first time. Since physical scientists could now look at real samples instead of replicas or thin films, activity in microscopy of materials increased dramatically. With no similar dramatic development in biological microscopy, the balance shifted. The Science of TEMs Comparison of Light (LM) and Electron Microscopes. a. Similarities 1) Illumination system: produces required radiation and directs it onto the specimen. Consists of a source, which emits the radiation, and a condenser lens, which focuses the illuminating beam (allowing variations of intensity to be made) on the specimen. 2) Specimen stage: situated between the illumination and imaging systems. 3) Imaging system: Lenses which together produce the final magnified image of the specimen. Consists of i) an objective lens which focuses the beam after it passes through the specimen and forms an intermediate image of the specimen and ii) the projector lens(es) which magnifies a portion of the intermediate image to form the final image. 4) Image recording system: Converts the radiation into a permanent image (typically on a photographic emulsion) that can be viewed. b. Differences 1) Optical lenses are generally made of glass with fixed focal lengths whereas magnetic lenses are constructed with ferromagnetic materials and windings of copper wire producing a focal length which can be changed by varying the current through the coil. 2) Magnification in the LM is generally changed by switching between different power objective lenses mounted on a rotating turret above the specimen. It can also be changed if oculars (eyepieces) of different power are used. In the TEM the magnification (focal length) of the objective remains fixed while the focal length of the projector lens is changed to vary magnification. 3) The LM has a small depth of field, thus different focal levels can be seen in the specimen. The large (relative) depth of field in the TEM means that the entire (thin) specimen is in focus simultaneously. 4) Mechanisms of image formation vary (phase and amplitude contrast). 5) TEMs are generally constructed with the radiation source at the top of the instrument: the source is generally situated at the bottom of LMs. 6) TEM is operated at high vacuum (since the mean free path of electrons in air is very small) so most specimens (biological) must be dehydrated. 7) TEM specimens (biological) are rapidly damaged by the electron beam. 8) TEMs can achieve higher magnification and better resolution than LMs. 9) Price tag!!! (100x more than LM) Figure below shows the cross-sectional view of a standard TEM. Figure shows the transmission electron microscope at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Figure shows a schematic outline of a TEM. A TEM contains four parts: electron source, electromagnetic lens system, sample holder, and imaging system. A. Electron Source The electron gun produces a beam of electrons whose kinetic energy is high enough to enable them to pass through thin areas of the TEM specimen. The gun consists of an electron source, also known as the cathode because it is at a high negative potential, and an electron-accelerating chamber. There are several types of electron source, operating on different physical principles, which we now discuss. i. Thermionic Emission Figure 3-1 shows a common form of electron gun. The electron source is a V-shaped (hairpin) filament made of tungsten (W) wire, spot-welded to straight-wire leads that are mounted in a ceramic or glass socket, allowing the filament assembly to be exchanged easily when the filament eventually burns out. A direct (dc) current heats the filament to about 2700 K, at which temperature tungsten emits electrons into the surrounding vacuum by the process known as thermionic emission. Figure 3-1. Thermionic electron gun containing a tungsten filament F, Wehnelt electrode W, ceramic high-voltage insulator C, and o-ring seal O to the lower part of the TEM column. An autobias resistor, RB (actually located inside the high-voltage generator, as in Fig. 3-6) is used to generate a potential difference between W and F; thereby controlling the electron-emission current, Ie. Arrows denote the direction of electron flow that gives rise to the emission current. Raising the temperature of the cathode causes the nuclei of its atoms to vibrate with increased amplitude. Because the conduction electrons are in thermodynamic equilibrium with the atoms, they share this thermal energy, and a small proportion of them achieve energies above the vacuum level, enabling them to escape across the metal/vacuum interface. The rate of electron emission can be represented as a current density Je(in A/m2) at the cathode surface, which is given by the Richardson law: Where T is the absolute temperature (in K) of the cathode and A is the Richardson constant (~106Am-2K-2), which depends to some degree on the cathode material but not on its temperature; k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10-23J/K), and kT is approximately the mean thermal energy of an atom. ii. Schottky emission The thermionic emission of electrons can be increased by applying an electrostatic field to the cathode surface. This field lowers the height of the potential barrier (which keeps electrons inside the cathode) by an amount, the so-called Schottky effect. A Schottky source consists of a pointed crystal of tungsten welded to the end of V-shaped tungsten filament. The tip is coated with zirconium oxide (ZrO) to provide a low work function (~2.8 eV) and needs to be heated to only about 1800 K to provide adequate electron emission. Because the tip is very sharp, electrons are emitted from a very small area, resulting in a relatively high current density ( Je ~ 107A/m2) at the surface. Because the ZrO is easily poisoned by ambient gases, the Schottky source requires a vacuum substantially better than that of a LaB6 source. iii. Field emission If the electrostatic field at a tip of a cathode is increased sufficiently, the width (horizontal in Fig.3-4) of the potential barrier becomes small enough to allow electrons to escape through the surface potential barrier by quantum-mechanical tunneling, a process known as field emission. The probability of electron tunneling becomes high when the barrier width, w is comparable to de Broglie wavelength of the electron. This wavelength is related to the electron momentum p by p=h/ÃŽÂ » where h= 6.63 x 10-34 Js is the Planck constant. Because the barrier width is smallest for electrons at the top of the conduction band, they are the ones most likely to escape. Because thermal excitation is not required, a field-emission tip can operate at room temperature, and the process is sometimes called cold field emission. As there is no evaporation of tungsten during normal operation, the tip can last for many months or even years before replacement. It is heated (flashed) from time to time to remove adsorbed gases, which affect the work function and cause the emission current to be unstable. Even so, cold field emission requires ultra-high vacuum (UHV: pressure ~ 10-8 Pa) to achieve stable operation, requiring an elaborate vacuum system and resulting in substantially greater cost of the instrument. B. Electromagnetic Lens System The TEM may be required to produce a highly magnified (e.g, M = 105) image of a specimen on a fluorescent screen, of diameter typically 15 cm. To ensure that the screen image is not too dim, most of the electrons that pass through the specimen should fall within this diameter, which is equivalent to a diameter of (15 cm)/M = 1.5  µm at the specimen. For viewing larger areas of specimen, however, the final-image magnification might need to be as low as 2000, requiring an illumination diameter of 75  µm at the specimen. In order to achieve the required flexibility, the condenser-lens system must contain at least two electron lenses. The first condenser (C1) lens is a strong magnetic lens, with a focal length f that may be as small as 2 mm. Using the virtual electron source(diameter ds) as its object, C1 produces areal image of diameter d1. Because the lens is located 20 cm or more below the object, the object distance, u ~ 20 cm >> f and so the image distance v ~ f. The second condenser (C2) lens is a weak magnetic lens ( f ~ several centimeters) that provides little or no magnification (M ~ 1) but allows the diameter of illumination (d) at the specimen to be varied continuously over a wide range. The C2 lens also contains the condenser aperture (the hole in the condenser diaphragm) whose diameter D can be changed in order to control the convergence semi-angle of the illumination, the maximum angle by which the incident electrons deviate from the optic axis. Figure shows lens action within the accelerating field of an electron gun, between the electron source and the anode. Curvature of the equipotential surfaces around the hole in the Wehnelt electrode constitutes a converging electrostatic lens (equivalent to a convex lens in light optics), whereas the non-uniform field just above the aperture in the anode creates a diverging lens (the equivalent of a concave lens in light optics). C. Sample Holder To allow observation in different brands or models of microscope, TEM specimens are always made circular with a diameter of 3 mm. Perpendicular to this disk, the specimen must be thin enough (at least in some regions) to allow electrons to be transmitted to form the magnified image. The specimen stage is designed to hold the specimen as stationary as possible, as any drift or vibration would be magnified in the final image, impairing its spatial resolution (especially if the image is recorded by a camera over a period of several seconds). But in order to view all possible regions of the specimen, it is also necessary to move the specimen horizontally over a distance of up to3 mm if necessary. The design of the stage must also allow the specimen to be inserted into the vacuum of the TEM column without introducing air. This is achieved by inserting the specimen through an airlock, a small chamber into which the specimen is placed initially and which can be evacuated before the specimen enters the TEM column. Not surprisingly, the specimen stage and airlock are the most mechanically complex and precision-machined parts of the TEM. There are two basic designs of the specimen stage: side-entry and top-entry. In a side-entry stage, the specimen is clamped (for example, by a threaded ring) close to the end of a rod-shaped specimen holder and is inserted horizontally through the airlock. The airlock-evacuation valve and a high-vacuum valve (at the entrance to the TEM column) are activated by rotation of the specimen holder about its long axis; see figure (a). One advantage of this side-entry design is that it is easy to arrange for precision motion of the specimen. Translation in the horizontal plane (x and y directions) and in the vertical (z) direction is often achieved by applying the appropriate movement to an end-stop that makes contact with the pointed end of the specimen holder. A further advantage of the side-entry stage is that heating of a specimen is easy to arrange, by installing a small heater at the end of the specimen holder, with electrical leads running along the inside of the holder to a power supply located outside the TEM. The ability to change the temperature of a specimen allows structural changes in a material (such as phase transitions)to be studied at the microscopic level. Specimen cooling can also be achieved, by incorporating (inside the side-entry holder) a heat-conducting metal rod whose outer end is immersed in liquid nitrogen (at 77 K). One disadvantage of the side-entry design is that mechanical vibration  picked up from the TEM column or from acoustical vibrations in the external air, is transmitted directly to the specimen. In addition, any thermal expansion of the specimen holder can cause drift of the specimen and of the TEM image. These problems have been largely overcome by careful design, including choice of materials used to construct the specimen holder. As a result, side-entry holders are widely used, even for high-resolution imaging. In a top-entry stage, the specimen is clamped to the bottom end of a cylindrical holder that is equipped with a conical collar; see Figure (b). The holder is loaded into position through an airlock by means of a sliding and tilting arm, which is then detached and retracted. Inside the TEM, the cone of the specimen holder fits snugly into a conical well of the specimen stage, which can be translated in the (x and y) horizontal directions by a precision gear mechanism. The major advantage of a top-entry design is that the loading arm is disengaged after the specimen is loaded, so the specimen holder is less liable to pick up vibrations from the TEM environment. In addition, its axially symmetric design tends to ensure that any thermal expansion occurs radially about the optic axis and therefore becomes small close to the axis. However, in disadvantage views, it is more difficult to provide tilting, heating, or cooling of the specimen. Although such facilities have all been implemented in top-entry stages, they require elaborate precision engineering, making the holder fragile and expensive. Because the specimen is held at the bottom of its holder, it is difficult to collect more than a small fraction of the x-rays that are generated  by the transmitted beam and emitted in the upward direction, making this design less attractive for high-sensitivity elemental analysis. D. Imaging System The sample is placed in front of the objective lens in a form of thin foil, thin section or fine particles transparent for the electron beam. (Figure. 3). The objective lens forms an image of the electron density distribution at the exit surface of the specimen based on the electron optical principles. The diffraction, projection and intermediate lenses below the objective lens are used to focus and magnify either the diffraction pattern or the image onto a fluorescent screen, which converts the electrons into visible light signal. There are three important mechanisms, which produce image contrast in the electron microscope: mass-thickness contrast, phase contrast and diffraction or amplitude contrast. i. Mass-thickness contrast arises from incoherent elastic scattering of electrons. As electrons go through the specimen they are scattered off axis by elastic nuclear interaction also called Rutherford scattering. The cross section for elastic scattering is a function of the atomic number (Z). As the thickness of the specimen increases the elastic scattering also increases since the mean-free path remains fixed. Also specimens consisting of higher Z elements will scatter more electrons than low-Z specimens. This will create differential intensity in an image formed from thicker regions where fewer electrons will be transmitted to the image compared to a thinner or low atomic number region, which will be brighter in the image plane. In TEM, the mass-thickness contrast is affected by the size of the objective aperture and the accelerating voltage. Smaller apertures will increase the difference in the ratio of scattered and transmitted electrons and as a consequence will increase the contrast between regions of different thickness of mass. Lowering the accelerating voltage will lead to similar effect since the scattering angle and the cross section increase which also will cause increase in the relative contrast between higher mass and lower mass regions. ii. Phase contrast. Some of the electrons leaving the specimen are recombined to form the image so that phase differences present at the exit surface of the specimen are converted into intensity differences in the image. Phase contrast is the dominant mechanism for object detail iii. Diffraction contrast. Diffracted electrons leaving the lower surface of a crystalline specimen are intercepted by the objective aperture and prevented from contributing to the image. Alternatively only one diffracted beam forms the image. Diffraction contrast is the dominant mechanism delineating object detail >15 Ã… in crystalline specimens and is important and widely used contrast mechanism for study of crystal defects. Using this approach considerable quantitative information about the defect structure of the specimen may be obtained without operating the microscope at maximum resolution. Vacuum System Electron microscopes cannot operate in air for a number of reasons. The penetration of electrons through air is typically no more than 1 meter, so after coming on meter from the gun, the whole beam would be lost to collisions of the electrons with the air molecules. It is also not possible to generate the high charge difference between the anode and cathode in the gun because air is not a perfect insulator. Finally, the beam on the specimen while in air would trap all sorts of rubbish (air is full of hydrocarbon molecules) on the specimen, crack them (removing hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) and thus leave a thick carbon contamination layer on the specimen. Each electron microscope therefore has a vacuum system. The degree of sophistication of the vacuum system depends on the requirements. Simple imaging of biological thin sections is much less demanding than cryo applications or small-probe analysis in materials science and a thermionic gun can operate under much worse vacuum than a Field E mission Gun (FEG). The most basic vacuum system consists of a vessel connected to a pump that removes the air. The vacuum system of an electron microscope is considerably more complicated, containing a number of vessels, pumps, valves (to separate different vessels) and gauges (to measure vacuum pressures). From the bottom up we can distinguish four vessels in the vacuum system: The buffer tank The projection chamber The column (specimen area) The electron gun area Sometimes a tubomolecular pump (TMP), essentially a high-speed turbine fan, is used in place of (or to supplement) a diffusion pump. Usually an ion pump is used to achieve pressures below 10-4Pa, as required to operate a LaB6, Schottky, or field-emission electron source. By applying a potential difference of several kilovolts between large electrodes, a low-pressure discharge is set up (aided by the presence of a magnetic field) which removes gas molecules by burying them in one of the electrodes. Figure shows cross section through a diffusion pump. The arrows show oil vapor leaving jets within the baffle assembly. Water flowing within a coiled metal tube keeps the walls cool. Frequently, liquid nitrogen is used to help in achieving adequate vacuum inside the TEM, through a process known as cryo